[01] Imran Shabbir, Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Pakistan. [02] Hira Shabbir, University Medical and Dental College, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan. [03] Mariha Aslam, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. [04] Muhammad Farhan Sarwar, Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. [05] Muhammad Haroon Sarwar, Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. [06] Muhammad Sarwar, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) are distributed worldwide and mainly found in human dwellings. Cockroaches are scavengers and while walking on spoiled food in garbage containers, they pick up various pathogenic organisms on their legs that can later deposit on uncovered food. In this way, they play an important role in transmitting of diseases either mechanically or occasionally biologically. Numerous bacteria and parasites of medical importance have been isolated from cockroaches; therefore this article has been designed to pinpoint microorganisms of health importance from external surfaces and gastrointestinal tract of cockroaches. The Blattodea order includes many species of cockroaches associated with humans, and these feed on man and pet food and can leave an offensive odour. They can passively transport pathogenic microbes on their body surfaces, particularly in environments such as hospitals. Cockroaches are linked with allergic reactions in humans. One of the proteins that trigger allergic reactions is tropomyosin and these allergens are also linked with asthma. Ova and cycts of some human parasites have been found from the gut of cockroaches including Trichu ristrichura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba instolytica, hookworm and Enterobius vermicularis, and also some species of bacteria and fungi isolated from the body of the cockroaches. Some microorganisms of medical important have also been recovered such as Staplylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. This indicates that cockroaches as a domestic pests could pose a health problem to human. Therefore, cockroaches must be controlled particularly in indoors, sewage and solid wastes. Keep cooking, eating and food storage areas clean and dry. Service technicians must use a variety of treatment methods and combinations, usually including baits, dusts and aerosol treatment of cracks and crevices. There should be no visible residue of the materials used after treatment. Several non-chemical techniques may also be utilized including vacuum removal of floor debris can more easily detect the presence of pests, it could also suck up cockroaches and their eggs, and monitoring of populations with glue traps or other devices is helpful. Keep a spotless kitchen, pick up spilled food and crumbs immediately, do not leave dirty dishes out overnight, store dry foods such as cereal in airtight containers, put garbage in a sealed container, and seal cracks and crevices with caulk to help keep roaches out. Use roach baits in areas where cockroaches live in which a service Technician can install bait materials and find the best placement in home to maximize their effectiveness.

Micro-organisms, Parasites, Cockroaches, Antibiotic Resistance, Household Pests

[01] Sarwar. M. 2016. Diseases Transmitted by Blood Sucking Mites and Integrated Mite Management for Their Prevention. American Journal of Food Science and Health, 2 (6): 169-175. [02] Sarwar, M. 2016. Ticks (Arachnida: Acari) induced Paralysis in Humans and Control of Incidence in the Current Civilization. International Journal for Research in Social Science and Humanities Research, 1 (7): 27-36. [03] Sarwar, M. 2016. Mites (Arachnida: Acarina) Affecting Humans and Steps Taking for the Solution of Problematics. International Journal for Research in Mechanical Engineering, 1 (7): 1-14. [04] Sarwar, M. 2017. Status of Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Parasitiformes: Argasidae) In Relation To Transmission of Human Pathogens. International Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 4 (4): 00089. [05] Sarwar, M., Sarwar, M. H. and Khan, M. A. 2017. Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Its Prevention in Humans through Tick Vectors Control. International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 3 (3): 16-22. [06] Sarwar, M. 2016. Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections and Diseases among Persons and Interfering with the Vector Activities. International Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 3 (2): 00063. [07] Sarwar. M. 2016. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as Malaria Transmitters and Procedures for Suppression to Exposure and Spread of Vectors. Biomedical and Health Informatics, 1 (2): 38-43. [08] Sarwar, M. H. and Sarwar, M. 2016. Medical Importance of Ticks Bite and Diseases Transmission by Means of It Affecting Humans. Biomedical and Health Informatics, 1 (2): 44-51. [09] Sarwar, M. H., Raees, A. R., Rauf, A. and Sarwar, M. 2019. Great Ways to Encourage Better Health Habits and their Preferment in the Community. Specialty Journal of Medical Research and Health Science, 4 (2): 60-69. [10] Sarwar, M. 2020. House Dust Mites: Ecology, Biology, Prevalence, Epidemiology and Elimination. In: Parasitology and Microbiology Research, G. A. B. Pacheco and A. A. Kamboh (Eds.), IntechOpen Ltd., London, UK. p. 26. [11] Sarwar, M. and Rauf, A. 2018. Ectoparasitic Insects Genera of Veterinary Importance and Some Aspects of Their Control. American Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, 4 (4): 116-123. [12] Thyssen, P. J., Moretti, T. C., Ueta, M. T. and Ribeiro, O. B. 2004. The role of insects (Blattodea, Diptera, and Hymenoptera) as possible mechanical vectors of helminths in the domiciliary and peridomiciliary environment. Cad Saude Publica., 20: 1096-1102. [13] Sarwar, M. 2015. Foodstuff Contaminations with Foodborne Pathogens Vehicled by Insect Vectors. International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 1 (3): 352-358. [14] Sarwar, M. 2015. Skin Disorders Inflicted Through Insect Invertebrates Along with Diagnosis and Treating of Cases. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 1 (4): 233-240. [15] Mullen, G. R. and Durden, L. A. 2002. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Boston: Academic Press. 597 p. [16] Sarwar, M. 2015. Problem Created Owing to Insects in Carrying Vector Borne Diseases and Combined Vector Control Approach. International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, 1 (4): 303-309. [17] Kramer, R. D. and Brenner, R. J. 2009. Cockroaches (Blattaria). In: Mullen GR, Durden LA. (Eds.)., Medical and Veterinary Entomology, (2^nd Edition). Academic Press/ Elsevier Inc, New York, USA, pp. 41-55. [18] Jeong, K. Y., Son, M., Lee, J. H., Hong, C. S. and Park, J. W. 2015. Allergenic characterization of a novel allergen, homologous to chymotrypsin, from German cockroach. Allergy, Asthma and Immunol Res., 7 (3): 283–289. [19] Sarwar, M. 2015. Direct Possessions of Insect Arthropods on Humans Owing to Allergen, Bloodsucking, Biting, Envenomation and Stinging Side By Side Case Diagnosis and Treating. International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 1 (3): 331-337. [20] Lihoreau, M., Costa, J. T. and Rivault, C. 2012. The social biology of domiciliary cockroaches: colony structure, kin recognition and collective decisions. Insectes Sociaux, 59 (4): 445–452. [21] Sarwar, M. 2015. Insect Vectors Involving in Mechanical Transmission of Human Pathogens for Serious Diseases. International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 1 (3): 300-306. [22] Brenner, R. J., Koehler, P., Patterson, R. S. 1987. Health Implications of Cockroach Infestations. Infestations in Med., 4 (8): 349–355. [23] Rivault, C., Cloarec, A. and Guyader, A. L. 1993. Bacterial load of cockroaches in relation to urban environment. Epidemiology and Infection, 110 (2): 317–325. [24] Eggleston, P. A. and Arruda, L. K. 2001. Ecology and elimination of cockroaches and allergens in the home. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 107 (3): S422–S429. [25] Sarwar, M. 2015. Insects Effecting by Annoyance to Peoples Relating to the Public Health Concerns. American Journal of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1 (3): 175-181. [26] Adenusi, A. A., Akinyemi, M. I. and Akinsanya, D. 2018. Domiciliary Cockroaches as Carriers of Human Intestinal Parasites in Lagos Metropolis, Southwest Nigeria: Implications for Public Health. J. Arthropod Borne Dis., 12 (2): 141-151. [27] Yiu, Y. H. 2009. Handbook of Food Science, Technology and Engineering. Vol. 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. A brief review. Korean J. Parasitol., 47: 93-102. [28] Mohs, K. and McGee, I. 2007. Animal planet: the most extreme bugs (1^st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 35. [29] Sarwar, M. 2015. Insect Borne Diseases Transmitted by Some Important Vectors of Class Insecta Hurtling Public Health. International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 1 (3): 311-317. [30] Gliniewicz, A., Czajka, E., Laudy, A. E., Kochman, M., Crzegorzak, K., Ziolkowska, K., Sawicka, B., Stypulkowska-Misiurewicz, H. and Hopskins, J. A. 2003. German cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.) as a potential source of pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Indoor and Built Environment, 12 (1/2): 55–60. [31] Sarwar, M. 2013. The theatrical usefulness of olive Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae Family) nutrition in human health: A Review. Sky Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 2 (1): 1-4. [32] Hoell, H. V., Doyen, J. T. and Purcell, A. H. 1998. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity (2^nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 362–364. [33] Sarwar, M. 2015. Dissemination of Infectious Agents of Human Diseases via Insects Vectors of Public Health Prominence. American Journal of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1 (3): 169-174. [34] Hamu, H., Debalke, S., Zemene, E., Birlie, B., Mekonnen, Z. and Yewhalaw, D. 2014. Isolation of intestinal parasites of public health importance from cockroaches (Blattella germanica) in Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia. J. Parasitol. Res., 2014 (1): 186240. [35] Faundez, E. I. and Carvajal, M. A. 2011. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767) (Insecta: Blattaria) en la Región de Magallanes. Boletín de Biodiversidad de Chile, 5: 50-55. [36] Ame, J. M., Rivault, C. and Deneubourg, J. L. 2004. Cockroach aggregation based on strain odour recognition. Animal Behaviour, 68 (4): 793–801. [37] Wada-Katsumata, A., Silverman, J. and Schal, C. 2013. Changes in Taste Neurons Support the Emergence of an Adaptive Behavior in Cockroaches. Science, 340 (6135): 972–975. [38] Fotedar, R., Banerjee, U. and Shriniwas, U. B. 1993. Vector potential of the German cockroach in dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Hosp. Infect., 23: 55-59. [39] Bell, W. J. and Adiyodi, K. G. 1982. The American Cockroach. Springer. pp. 1, 4. [40] Bell, W. J., Roth, L. M. and Nalepa, C. A. 2007. Cockroaches: Ecology, Behavior, and Natural History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 248 p. [41] Hagenbuch, B. E., Koehler, P. G., Patterson, R. S. and Brenner, R. J. 1988. Peridomestic cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattidae) of Florida: Their species composition and suppression. Journal of Medical Entomology, 25: 377-380. [42] Rust, M. K., Reierson, D. A. and Hansgen, K. H. 1991. Control of American cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in sewers. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28: 210-213. [43] Smith, A. and Schal, C. 1990. The Physiological Basis for the Termination of Pheromone-Releasing Behavior in the Female Brown-banded Cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 36 (5): 369–373. [44] Cohen, R. W., Heydon, S. L., Waldbauer, G. P. and Friedman, S. 1987. Nutrient self-selection by the omnivorous cockroach Supella longipalpa. Journal of Insect Physiology, 33 (2): 77–82. [45] Gemeno, C., Leal, W., Mori, K. and Schal, C. 2003. Behavioral and Electrophysiological Responses of the Brownbanded Cockroach, Supella longipalpa, to Stereoisomers of its Sex Pheromone, supellaopryone. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (8): 1797–1811. [46] Tsai, T. J. and Hsin, C. 2007. Temperature-dependent Demography of Supella longipalpa (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 44 (5): 772–778. [47] Robinson, W. H. 2005. Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. [48] Arnett, J. and Ross, H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (Second Ed.). CRC Press. p. 195. [49] Slaytor, M. 1992. Cellulose digestion in termites and cockroaches: What role do symbionts play? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 103 (4): 775-784. [50] Rabito, F. A., Carlson, J. C., He, H., Werthmann, D. and Schal, C. 2017. A single intervention for cockroach control reduces cockroach exposure and asthma morbidity in children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 140 (2): 565–570. [51] Burgess, N. R. H. 1993. Cockroaches (Blattaria). In: Lane RP, Crosskey RW. (Eds.), Medical Insects and Arachnids. Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 473-482. [52] Sarwar, M. 2016. Life History of House Fly Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), its Involvement in Diseases Spread and Prevention of Vector. International Journal for Research in Applied Chemistry, 1 (7): 23-34. [53] Sarwar, M., Ayesha, N., Sarwar, M. H. and Jaweria, N. 2017. Miscellaneous Ways to Repel, Treat and Avoid Being Bitten by Sand Flies (Diptera: Pschodidae: Phlebotominae) on Human. American Journal of Food Science and Health, 3 (4): 64-69. [54] Kutrup, B. 2003. Cockroach Infestation in Some Hospitals in Trabzon, Turkey. Turk. J. Zool., 27: 73–77. [55] Schal, C. and Hamilton, R. L. 1990. Integrated suppression of synanthropic cockroaches. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 35: 521–551. [56] Sarwar, M. 2016. A potent folklore of botanical plant materials against insect pests together with their preparations and applications. Sky Journal of Biochemistry Research, 5 (4): 58-62. [57] Sarwar, M. 2015. Intervention Focused on Habitat Modifications for Ending up the Anopheles Mosquitoes Implicating in Malaria Transmission. American Journal of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1 (2): 126-132. [58] Sarwar, M. 2015. The Killer Chemicals as Controller of Agriculture Insect Pests: The Conventional Insecticides. International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, 1 (3): 141-147. [59] Sarwar, M. and Salman, M. 2015. Insecticides Resistance in Insect Pests or Vectors and Development of Novel Strategies to Combat Its Evolution. International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 1 (3): 344-351. [60] Sarwar, M. 2015. Commonly Available Commercial Insecticide Formulations and Their Applications in the Field. International Journal of Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1 (2): 116-123. [61] Sarwar, M. 2016. Inorganic Insecticides used in Landscape Settings and Insect Pests. Chemistry Research Journal, 1 (1): 50-57. [62] Sarwar, M. 2016. Indoor risks of pesticide uses are significantly linked to hazards of the family members. Cogent Medicine, 3: 1155373. [63] Sarwar, M. 2016. Usage spots of biological insecticides in consort with target insect pests or vectors and application in habitat. International Journal of Entomology and Nematology, 3 (1): 14-20. [64] Paterson, F., Gonçalves, E., Suzete, B. N. and Roberto, E. 2009. Notes on the Biology and Behaviour of the Jewel Wasp, Ampulex compressa (Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera; Ampulicidae), in the Laboratory, Including First Record of Gregarious Reproduction. Entomological News, 120 (4): 430–437. [65] Bressan-Nascimento, S., Fox, E. G. P. and Pilizi, L. G. T. 2010. Effects of different temperatures on the life history of Evania appendigaster L. (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae), a solitary oothecal parasitoid of Perlipaneta americana L. (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). Biological Control, 52 (2): 104–109. [66] Hillyard, P. 1994. The Book of the Spiders. pp 22–35. New York: Avon Books. 218 p. [67] Copeland, M. 2003. Cockroach. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. 200 p. [68] Sarwar, M. 2020. Experimental Induction of Insect Growth Regulators in Controls of Insect Vectors as well as Crops and Stored Products Pests. Specialty Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6 (1): 32-41.