[01] Muhammad Sarwar, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), Punjab, Pakistan.

The need for effective plant and pest quarantines between continents, regions and countries as well as even within states is no longer considered to be a controversial topic. The objective of this task is to achieve and make a significant contribution to the management of pest fruit flies in horticulture products at quarantines for international markets. Fruit flies cause considerably serious damage and losses to fruits and vegetables by means of weight and nutritional sufferings reducing yields and market values in many countries. Pakistan is becoming more active in international trade of agricultural products including fruits and vegetables. One of the key factors in promoting tropical fruit trade is to protect plants from pest damages and improve in infestation service, and accordingly meet dis-invasion requirements set by importing countries. Fruits and vegetables suspected of harboring fruit fly eggs and larvae must be treated to control virtually 100% of any tephritids present. Quarantine security for international markets is very important for horticulture products and industry. Irradiation is unique among quarantine treatments in that it is the only treatment used which does not cause acute mortality; instead, insects are prevented from maturing or are sterilized. Current and alternative quarantine treatments involve chemical fumigation, ionizing radiation, controlled atmosphere, cold treatment, conventional hot air or water heating and dielectric heating. Some other important highlights are a detailed knowledge of the fruit fly species of economic importance, their distribution and host plant range, an accurate assessment of the movement of fresh horticultural produce by air and road travels, and expression of field pest control strategies to producer communities. This mission can assist with technical guidance for an experienced consultant to assess the problem, training of field staff, undertaking surveys to define the geographic limit of pest spreading and introducing field control strategies.

Quarantine, Commodity Treatment, Heat, Cold, Fumigation, Disinfestation, Fruit Files, Irradiation

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SHS Acta Horticulturae, 1065, Volumes 3: XII International Citrus Congress - International Society of Citriculture, Valencia, Spain. [10] Palou, L., Del Río, M.A., Marcilla1, A., Alonso, M. and Jacas, J.A. 2007. Combined postharvest X-ray and cold quarantine treatments against the Mediterranean fruit fly in ‘Clemenules’ mandarins. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (4): 569-578. [11] Paul, G.F. and White, N.D.G. 2002. Alternatives to methyl Bromide Treatments for Stored-Product and Quarantine Insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 47: 331-359. [12] Sarwar, M. 2004. Concept of integrated insect pests management. Pakistan and Gulf Economists, XXIII (46 & 47): 39-41. [13] Sarwar, M. 2012. Frequency of Insect and mite Fauna in Chilies Capsicum annum L., Onion Allium cepa L. and Garlic Allium sativum L. Cultivated Areas, and their Integrated Management. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 3 (5): 173-178. [14] Sarwar, M. 2013. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - A Constructive Utensil to Manage Plant Fatalities. Research and Reviews: Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 2 (3): 1-4. [15] Sarwar, M. 2014 a. Knowing About Identify and Mode of Damage by Insect Pests Attacking Winter Vegetables and Their Management. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2 (4): 1-8. [16] Sarwar, M. 2014 b. Some Insect Pests (Arthropoda: Insecta) of Summer Vegetables, Their Identification, Occurrence, Damage and Adoption of Management Practices. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research, 1 (4): 108-117. [17] Sarwar, M., Ahmad, N., Rashid, A. and Shah, S.M.M. 2015. Valuation of gamma irradiation for proficient production of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae & Eucoilidae) in the management of the peach fruit-fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). International Journal of Pest Management, 61 (2): 126-134. [18] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Rasool, B., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2013. Host Preference and Performance of Fruit Flies Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) For Various Fruits and Vegetables. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 1 (8): 188-194. [19] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2014 a. Monitoring of Population Dynamics and Fruits Infestation of Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Orchard. Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 3 (2): 36-40. [20] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2014 b. Monitoring of Population Density and Fruit Infestation Intensity of Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Citrus reticulate Blanco Orchard. Journal of Zoological Sciences, 2 (3): 1-5. [21] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2014 c. Surveillance on Population Dynamics and Fruits Infestation of Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Orchards of Faisalabad, Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2 (4): 113-119. [22] Shah, S.M.M., Ahmad, N., Sarwar, M. and Tofique, M. 2014. Rearing of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) for parasitoids production and managing techniques for fruit flies in mango orchards. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 34 (S1): 108-113. [23] Sharp, J.L., Gaffney, J.J., Moss, J.I. and Gould, W.P. 1991. Hot-air treatment device or quarantine research. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84 (2): 520-527. [24] Sharp, J.L., Robertson, J.L. and Preisler, H.K. 1999. Mortality of mature third-instar caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to microwave energy. The Canadian Entomologist, 131 (1): 71-77. [25] Velazquez, G., Candelario, H.E., Ramírez, J.A., Montoya, P., Loera-Gallardo, J. and Vázquez, M. 2010. An improved quarantine method for mangoes against the Mexican fruit fly based on high-pressure processing combined with heat. 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