[01] Ali Abdul Razzaq, College of Accountancy, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. [02] Ramsha Khalid, College of Accountancy, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. [03] Arshad Haroon, College of Accountancy, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Towering unpleasant employee’s turnover is a ubiquitous affair for both Private and Public sector organizations in today’s world, which arose both immediate and roundabout expenses for the organizations. We did this research on the Public sector of Pakistan where the worker’s turnover rate is swelling at a disturbing rate over the past two years. This research work was governed to find out and explore relationship among transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, affective Commitment and turnover Intention of the employees. Primarily, this research work anchors the mediating effect of affective commitment on the bond between transformational leadership, transactional leadership and turnover intention. We gathered 305 responses from the Govt. employees working in various public sector organizations by using survey method. Microsoft Excel and SPSS software used to examine the collected data. Results of the examination of gathered data showed direct impact of leadership styles on the turnover intentions and found partial mediation of affective commitment in the relationship of transactional Leadership style and turnover intentions and no mediation of affective commitment in the relationship of transformational leadership and turnover intentions of the employees of public sector, Lahore, Pakistan.

Transactional Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Affective Commitment, Turnover Intention

[01] O'Connell, Matthew & Kung, Mavis (Mei-Chuan. (2007). The Cost of Employee Turnover.. Industrial Management. 49. 14-19. [02] Frank, F. D., Finnegan, R. F. and Taylor, C. F. (2004). The Race for Talent: Retaining and Engaging Workers in the 21st Century. Human Resource Planning, 27, 12-25. [03] Burns, J. M. G. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. [04] Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. The Academy of Management Review, 12 (4), 648-657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/258070 [05] Loquercio, D., Hamersley, M. & Emmens, B. (2006). Understanding and addressing staff turnover in humanitarian agencies. Oversees Development Institute: The Humanitarian Practice Network. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/93897/networkpaper055.pdf [06] Rahman, W. & Nas, Z. (2013). Employee development and turnover intention: theory validation. European Journal of Training and Development, 37 (6), 564 – 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-May-2012-0015 [07] Abbasi, S. M., Hollman, K. W., & Hayes, R. D. (2008). Bad Bosses and How Not to Be One. Information Management Journal, 42 (1), 52-56. [08] Welty-Peachey, J., Burton, L. J., & Wells, J. E. (2014). Examining the influence of transformational leadership, organizational commitment, job embeddedness, and job search behaviors on turnover intentions in intercollegiate athletics. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 35 (8), 740-755. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2012-0128 [09] Afif Saif Harhara, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Matloub Hussain, (2015) "Correlates of employee turnover intentions in oil and gas industry in the UAE", International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 23 Issue: 3, pp. 493-504, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-11-2014-0821 [10] Harpert, V. L. (2013). Job satisfaction, perceived availability of job alternatives and turnover intentions: the case of the alumina industry in Suriname. Maastricht School of Management. [11] Azanza, G., Moriano, J. A., Molero, F. & Mangin, J. P. (2015). The effects of authentic leadership on turnover intention. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36 (8), 955 – 971. [12] Khan, S. L. (2015). Transformational leadership and turnover intention: the mediating effects of trust and performance (Doctoral dissertation, Bangkok University). http://dspace.bu.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/1280/1/sailful.khan.pdf [13] Biron, M. & Boon, C. (2013). Performance and turnover intentions: a social exchange perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28 (5), 511 – 531. [14] Janelle E. Wells, Jon Welty Peachey, (2011) "Turnover intentions: Do leadership behaviors and satisfaction with the leader matter?", Team Performance Management: An International Journal, Vol. 17 Issue: 1/2, pp. 23-40, https://doi.org/10.1108/13527591111114693 [15] Rosser, V. J., & Townsend, B. K. (2006). Determining public two-year faculty's intent to leave: An empirical model. The Journal of Higher Education, 77 (1), 124-147. [16] Tse, H. H. M. & Lam, W. (2008). Transformational leadership and turnover: the roles of LMX and organizational commitment. Academy of Management Proceedings, 8 (13), 1-6. [17] Ryan D. Zimmerman, Todd C. Darnold, (2009) "The impact of job performance on employee turnover intentions and the voluntary turnover process: A meta‐analysis and path model", Personnel Review, Vol. 38 Issue: 2, pp. 142-158, https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480910931316 [18] Chan, B. Y., Yeoh, S. F., Lim, C. L. & Osman, S. (2010). An exploratory study on turnover intention among private sector employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 5 (8), 57-64. DOI: 10.5539/ijbm.v5n8p57. [19] Yucel, I. (2012). Examining the relationships among job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: An empirical study. International Journal of Business and Management, 7 (20). [20] Shim, Miseung. (2010). Factors influencing child welfare employee's turnover: Focusing on organizational culture and climate. Children and Youth Services Review. 32. 847-856. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.02.004.. [21] Rizwan, M., Arshad, M. Q., Munir, H. M. A., Iqbal, M. F., & Hussain, M. A. (2014). Determinants of Employees intention to leave: A Study from Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4 (3), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v4i3.5871 [22] Riaz, A. and Haider, M. H. (2010) Role of Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Career Satisfaction. Business and Economic Horizons, 1, 29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/beh.2010.05 [23] Amankwaa, A. & Anku-Tsede, O. (2015). The moderating effect of alternative job opportunity on the transactional leadership-turnover intention nexus: Evidence from the Ghanaian banking industry. African Journal of Business Management, 9 (14), 553-561. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-full-text-pdf/D60B45254550 [24] Hamidifar, F. (2010). A study of the relationship between leadership styles and employee job satisfaction at IAU in Tehran, Iran. Au-GSB e-Journal, 3 (1). http://www.assumptionjournal.au.edu/index.php/AU-GSB/article/view/406/358 [25] Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (Eds.) (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. [26] Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. [27] Lussier, R. N. & Achua, C. F. (2012). Leadership: Theory, Application, & Skill Development. SouthWestern College Publication. [28] Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Manual and Sampler Set (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1602_2 [29] Xirasagar, S., Samuels, M. E., & Curtin, T. F. (2006). Management training of physician executives, their leadership style, and care management performance: An empirical study. American Journal of Managed Care, 12 (2), 101-108. https://www.ajmc.com/journals/issue/2006/2006-02-vol12-n2/feb06-2252p101-108 [30] Russell P. Guay, (2013) "The relationship between leader fit and transformational leadership", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 28 Issue: 1, pp. 55-73, https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941311298869 [31] Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200002)21:1<115::AID-JOB5>3.0.CO;2-C [32] Paul Kirkbride, (2006) "Developing transformational leaders: the full range leadership model in action", Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 38 Issue: 1, pp. 23-32, https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850610646016 [33] Brian, E. & Christopher. C. (2011). Strengthening affective organizational commitment: The influence of fairness perceptions of management practices and underlying employee cynicism. Health Care Manager, 30 (1), 29-35. DOI: 10.1097/HCM.0b013e3182078ae2. [34] Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1990) The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x [35] Shurbagi, A. M. A. (2014). The relationship between transformational leadership style job satisfaction and the effect of organizational commitment. International Business Research, 7 (11). DOI: 10.5539/ibr.v7n11p126. [36] March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. Oxford, England: Wiley. [37] Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O. and Hollingsworth, A. T. (1978) An Evaluation of Precursors of Hospital Employee Turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 408-414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.408 [38] Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. [39] Lim, A. J. P., J. T. K. Loo, and P. H. Lee. "The impact of leadership on turnover intention: The mediating role of organizational commitment and job satisfaction." Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling 1.1 (2017): 27-41. http://jasemjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Lim-et-al-2017-Final.pdf [40] Dupré, Kathryne E., and Arla L. Day. "The effects of supportive management and job quality on the turnover intentions and health of military personnel." Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management 46.2 (2007): 185-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20156 [41] Martin, Robin, and Olga Epitropaki. "Role of organizational identification on implicit leadership theories (ILTs), transformational leadership and work attitudes." Group processes & intergroup relations 4.3 (2001): 247-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430201004003005 [42] Hamstra, M. R. W., Van Yperen, N. W., Wisse, B., & Sassenberg, K. (2011). Transformational-transactional leadership styles and followers’ regulatory focus: Fit reduces followers’ turnover intentions. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 10 (4), 182-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000043 [43] Pieerse-Landman, Elzette. The relationship between transformational leadership, employee engagement, job characteristics and intention to quit. Diss. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20259 [44] Hughes LM, et al. (2010) Probing binding determinants in center P of the cytochrome bc(1) complex using novel hydroxy-naphthoquinones. Biochim Biophys Acta 1797 (1): 38-43. [45] Long, C. S., Thean, L. Y., Ismail, W. K. W., & Jusoh, A. (2012). Leadership styles and employees’ turnover intention: Exploratory study of academic staff in a Malaysian College. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19 (4), 575-581. [46] Jones, G. R., George, J. M., & Langton, N. (2013). Essentials of contemporary management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. [47] Lo, M. C., Ramayah, T., Min, H. W., & Songan, P. (2010). The relationship between leadership styles and organizational commitment in Malaysia: role of leader–member exchange. Asia Pacific business review, 16 (1-2), 79-103. DOI: 10.1080/13602380903355676. [48] Reynolds, D. (2010a). Smart school improvement: towards schools learning from their best, in M. Fullan, A. Hargreaves & D. Hopkins (Eds.). The International Handbook of Educational Change, Second Edition. Dordrecht: Kluver.