[01] André Tiago Queiroz, Electrical Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. [02] Rodrigo Sobrado Lopes, Electrical Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. [03] Ana Carolina Ferreira Beaklini, Electrical Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. [04] Marcio Zamboti Fortes, Electrical Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. [05] Antônio Marcos Estrela Pereira, Electrical Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. [06] Bruno Soares Moreira Cesar Borba, Electrical Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. [07] Rodrigo Cavalcanti Tomáz, Electrical Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.

A worldwide discussion about new forms of energy consumption and energy efficiency has been a target of study for many years. Therefore, it has been identified that the lighting is an important part of the energy consumed in the world and Street Lighting (SL) contributes to it especially in urban areas. Researches related to fixtures with high durability and low cost are relevant to technical lightings, such as intelligent systems that can control energy consumption. This paper presents an evaluation between Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps regarding the luminous efficiency, energy efficiency, power consumption, and some aspects of power quality. The methodology test is based in international standard using an accredited laboratory (Lablux – UFF) to confirm the measurement. This article also discusses what happens when voltage decreases are applied to the LED, compared to the nominal conditions because this control method can be used to reduce the energy consumption in LED lamps (as intelligent SL control) and a critical analysis is necessary.

New Lighting Technologies, Energy Efficiency, Power Quality, Lighting Systems

[01] C. Atici, T. Ozcelebi and J. Lukkien, “Exploring user-centered intelligent road lighting design: A road map and future research directions.” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 57 (2011) 788–793. doi: 10.1109/TCE.2011.5955223. [02] A. T. Murray and X. Feng, “Public street lighting service standard assessment and achievement.” Socio-Economic Planning Services 53 (2016) 14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2015.12.001. [03] M. Mahmoudi, F. Ahmad and B. Abbasi, “Livable streets: The effects of physical problems on the quality and livability of Kuala Lumpur streets.” Cities 43 (2015) 104-114. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2014.11.016. [04] Empresa de Pesquisa Energética – EPE, Estudos da Eficiência Energética. (2014). In: . Acessed 15 June 2016. [05] L. Perez-Lombard, J. Ortiz and D. Velázquez, “Revisiting energy efficiency fundamentals.” Energy Efficiency 6 (2013) 239-254. doi: 10.1007/s12053-012-9180-8. [06] PROCEL. Resultado Procel 2016, ano base 2015. (2016). In: . Acessed 12 September 2016. [07] A. M. E. Pereira, A. C. S. Paula, M. Z. Fortes, A. P. Fragoso and G. M. Tavares, “Laboratory Test Results for Intelligent Street Lighting Systems – Technical Report”. (2016). Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil. [08] P. Smallwood, “LED Lighting Global Market Trends.” (2014). In: . Accessed 12 August 2016. [09] J. F. De Paz, J. Bajo, S. Rodriguez, G. Villarrubia and J. M. Corchado, “Intelligent systems for lighting control in smart cities.” Information Sciences 372 (2016) 241-255. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2016.08.045. [10] M. Casals, M. Gangolells, N. Forcada and M. Macarulla, “Reducing lighting electricity use in underground metro stations.” Energy Conversion and Management 119 (2016) 130-141. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.034. [11] A. M. E. Pereira, V. A. Teixeira, M. Z. Fortes, A. P. Fragoso and G. M. Tavares, “Some considerations about LED technology in public lighting.” In: Proceedings of 2015 CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON). 1 (2015) 561-565. doi: 10.1109/Chilecon.2015.7400433. [12] J. E. V. Fassarela, M. Z. Fortes, A. P. Fragoso and G. M. Tavares, “Analysis and Suggested Solution of Power Quality problems in Lighting Laboratory.” IEEE Latin America Transactions 12 (2014) 1019-1026. doi: 10.1109/TLA.2014.6893995. [13] A. K. Mukerjee, “Comparision of CFL-based and LED-based solar lanterns.” Energy for Sustainable Development 11 (2007) 24-32. doi: 10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60574-8. [14] P. Verma, N. Patel and N. K. C. Nair, “Demand side management perspective on the interaction between a non-ideal grid and residential LED Lamps.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 23 (2017) 93-103. doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2017.08.002. [15] H. Khorasanizadeh, A. Honarpour, M. S. A. Park, J. Parkkinen and R. Parthiban, “Adoption factors of cleaner production technology in a developing country: energy efficient lighting in Malaysia. “Journal of Cleaner Production 131 (2016) 97-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.070. [16] I. O. M. Coureaux and E. Manzano, “The energy impact of luminaire depreciation on urban lighting.” Energy for Sustainable Development 17 (2013) 357-362. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.006. [17] S. A. Hadi, M. R. Al Kaabi, M. O. Al Ali and H. A. Arafat, “Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of streetlight Technologies for minor roads in United Arab Emirates.” Energy for Sustainable Development 17 (2013) 438-450. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2013.05.001. [18] C. Wencheng, H. Zheng, G. Liping, L. Yandan, and C. Dahua, Performance of induction lamps and HPS lamps in road tunnel lighting.” Tunneling and Underground Space Technology 23 (2008) 139-144. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2007.03.003. [19] C. C. Fonseca, R. P. Pantoni and D. Brandao, “Public street lighting remote operation and supervision system.” Computer Standards & Interfaces 38 (2015) 25-34. doi: 10.1016/j.csi.2014.08.003. [20] A. Ozadowicz and J. Grela, Energy saving in the street lighting control system – a new approach based on the EN-15232 standard.” Energy Efficiency (2016) 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s12053-016-9476-1. [21] E. C. Castanheira, H. A. Souza and M. Z. Fortes, “Influence of Natural and Artificial Light on Structured Steel Buildings.” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 48 (2015) 392-398. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.022. [22] N. Das, N. Pal and S. K. Pradip, “Economic cost analysis of LED over HPS flood lights for an efficient exterior lighting design using solar PV.” Building and Environment 89 (2015) 380-392. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.03.005. [23] S. M. Harish, S. V. Raghavan, M. Kandikar and G. Shrimali, “Assessing the impact of the transition to Light Emitting Diodes based solar lighting systems in India.” Energy for Sustainable Development 17 (2013) 363-370. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.005. [24] F. Lv, Z. Wang, Y. Ding, Y. Li and N. Zhu, “A Systematic method for evaluating the effects of efficient lighting project in China.” Energy Efficiency 9 (2016) 1037-1052. doi: 10.1007/s12053-015-9408-5. [25] A. Pena-Garcia, A. Hurtado and M. C. Aguilar-Luzon, “Considerations about the impact of public lighting on pedestrians perception of safety and well-being.” Safety Science 89 (2016) 315-318. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.009. [26] M. Pipattanasomporn, S. Rahman, I. Flory and Y. Teklu, “Engineering design and assessment of a demand-sensitive LED streetlighting system.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessment 7 (2014) 136-146. doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2014.04.004. [27] E. F. Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes. (2016), Cambridge University Press. [28] D. H. Filsinger and D. B. Bourrie, “Silica to silicon: Key Carbothermic Reactions and Kinetics.” Journal of American Ceramic Society 73 (1990) 1726-1732. [29] B. L. Ahn, S., Yoo, J. Kim, H. Jeong, S. B. Leigh and C. Y. Jang, “Thermal management of LED lighting integrated with HVAC systems in office buildings.” Energy and Buildings 127 (2016) 1159-1170. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.027. [30] W. R. Ryckaert, K. A. G. Smet, I. A. A. Roelandts, M. Van Gils and P. Hanselaer, “Linear LED tubes versus fluorescent lamps: An evaluation.” Energy and Buildings 49 (2012) 429–436. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.02.042. [31] Z. Wang and Y. K. Tan, “Illumination control of LED systems based on neural network model and energy optimization algorithm.” Energy and Buildings 62 (2013) 514–521. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.03.029. [32] N. F. V. Silva, Iluminação LED – Avaliação Econômica e Ambiental. (2013), Master Dissertation, Porto University – FEUP. [33] B. Karamata and M. Andersen, “A Review and Analysis of Parallel Goniophotometer.” In: Proceedings of LuxEuropa 2013. (2013). [34] A. Kovacs, R. Batai, B. C. Csaji, P. Dudas, B. Hay, G. Pedone, T. Revesz and J. Vancza, “Intelligent control for energy-positive street lighting.” Energy 114 (2016) 40-51. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.156. [35] M. Z. Fortes, G. M. Tavares, A. P. Fragoso, A. M. E. Pereira and A. C. S. Paula, “Analysis of CFL´s power quality in the Brazilian Market.” In: Proceedings of 2015 IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics and Power Quality Applications (PEPQA). (2015). doi: 10.1109/PEPQA.2015.7168212. [36] Inmetro, Painel Setorial Iluminação Pública - Goniofotometria e suas contribuições para a Iluminação Pública. (2016) In: . Acessed 10 August 2016.