[01] Muhammad Sarwar, Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar, Pakistan.

Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephrtitidae) are the world's most devastating insect pests inflicting direct and indirect damage to fruits. Among the fruit flies, oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) are the most important pests of fruits in some parts of world. Therefore, this paper has focused on adaptation and adoption of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices for control of fruit flies among fruits growers using farmer‘s field. Most often, female fruit fly adults puncture the fruit with long and sharp ovipositor, lay their eggs in the fresh flesh and these hatch into larvae (maggots), which habitually feed on the inside of host, resulting in a soft, mushy mess. The fruit’s skin is breached, bacteria enter in puncture and the host starts to decay. If uncontrolled, fruit flies can damage up to 100 percent of some hosts resulting in millions of dollars losses in profit to the fruit production industries owing to management and eradication costs. The fruit fly’s damage causes an increase in plant yield prices and even limits produce availability, and excludes fresh produce from valuable interstate and overseas markets, leading to fewer jobs and less income for affected regions. An area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) of fruit fly in a locality is a regional initiative coordinated by any organization with funding support from any state. Several methods exist to suppress fruit flies and reduce their damage; however a combination of pre and post-harvest management can give good control of fly pests. It has been shown that a pre harvest IPM combination of male annihilation technique (MAT) (using methyl eugenol as a lure) plus sanitation can bring down B. dorsalis and B. zonata infestations to lower level in any year. An additional cover spray of Deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 0.5 ml/ l (which is half the recommended dose) plus Azadirachtin (0.03%) @ 2 ml/ l (neem based botanical) can give 100% good control in the year. Post harvest treatments especially of mango with hot water at 48°C for 60 and 75 min can result in 100% control at both the time regimes than untreated fruits exposed to gravid females (but not treated in hot water). It is hoped that the selection of structured exercises presented in this article would provide good inspirational tools to the trainers, extension personnel and farmers to create a sound scientific knowledge base for sustainable management of fruit flies in orchards.

Bactrocera, Dacus, Dacinae, Tephritidae, Fruit Fly, Male Annihilation Technique, Control

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Management of Banana (Musa paradisiaca Linnaeus) Orchard against Insect Pests. Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Journal of Biology, 1 (1): 107-110. [13] Sarwar, M. 2015 a. Quarantine Treatments for Mortality of Eggs and Larvae of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Invading Fresh Horticulture Perishable Produces. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 196-201. [14] Sarwar, M. 2015 b. Cultural Measures as Management Option against Fruit Flies Pest (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Garden or Farm and Territories. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 165-171. [15] Sarwar, M. 2015 c. Mechanical Control Prospectus to Aid in Management of Fruit Flies and Correlated Tephritid (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pests. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 190-195. [16] Sarwar, M. 2015 d. How to Manage Fruit Fly (Family Tephritidae) Pests Damage on Different Plant Host Species by take up of Physical Control Measures. 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Field Tests for Exploiting the Behavioral Control Tactics to Pest Tephritid Fruit Flies (Insecta: Diptera). International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 243-248. [22] Sarwar, M. 2015 j. Genetic Control Tactic against Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Insect to Escape Destruction of Perishable Horticulture Crops. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 209-214. [23] Sarwar, M. and Riaz, M. 2014. New Distribution Records of Fruit Fly Dacus sphaeroidalis (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) From Pakistan and Improved Description of this Pest Species. Journal of Zoological Sciences, 2 (1): 1-6. [24] Sarwar, M., Ahmad, N., Rashid, A. and Shah, S. M. M. 2015. Valuation of gamma irradiation for proficient production of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae & Eucoilidae) in the management of the peach fruit-fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). International Journal of Pest Management, 61 (2): 126-134. [25] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2014 a. 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