[01] Muhammad Sarwar, Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar, Khyber P. K. (KPK), Pakistan.

Vegetable crops hold a key position in agricultural production worldwide, and the Asian regions such as East, Southeast and South are among the top regions for their exports and imports. However, many pests and diseases threaten the profitability of this agricultural sector, and improving the productivity and quality of vegetables can enhance food security, employment and trade opportunities. Fruit flies particularly melon fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most important pests of solanaceous and cucurbit crops, and losses of as much as 100% of host harvests can be frequently observed without pest control. The melon fruit fly B. cucurbitae can successfully be managed over a local area by bagging fruits, field sanitation, protein baits, cue-lure traps, growing fruit fly-resistant genotypes, augmentation of biocontrol agents and insecticides. The control methods used independently have not been successful to effectively control tephritid fly populations. Therefore, the area wide management program involves the coordination of different characteristics of a fly eradication program (including local area options) over an entire area within a defensible perimeter and subsequently protected against reinvasion by quarantine controls. A more integrated approach is also required by taking into account the landscape habitats, especially wild plants, whose role must be considered within a framework of an agro-ecological management of these pest populations.

Vegetable, Tephritidae, Fruit Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Pest Control, Control Method

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Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on vegetable crops in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean): State of knowledge, control methods and prospects for management. Fruits, 65 (2): 113-130. [08] Riaz, M. and Sarwar, M. 2013. A New Record of Fruit Fly Trupanea amoena (Frauenfeld) within Genus Trupanea Schrank of Subfamily Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Pakistan. Journal of Zoological Sciences, 1 (2): 7-12. [09] Sarwar, M. 2012. Frequency of Insect and mite Fauna in Chilies Capsicum annum L., Onion Allium cepa L. and Garlic Allium sativum L. Cultivated Areas, and their Integrated Management. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 3 (5): 173-178. [10] Sarwar, M. 2013. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - A Constructive Utensil to Manage Plant Fatalities. Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 2 (3): 1-4. [11] Sarwar, M. 2014 a. Some Insect Pests (Arthropoda: Insecta) of Summer Vegetables, Their Identification, Occurrence, Damage and Adoption of Management Practices. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research, 1 (4): 108-117. [12] Sarwar, M. 2014 b. Knowing About Identify and Mode of Damage by Insect Pests Attacking Winter Vegetables and Their Management. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2 (4): 1-8. [13] Sarwar, M. 2015 a. Quarantine Treatments for Mortality of Eggs and Larvae of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Invading Fresh Horticulture Perishable Produces. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 196-201. [14] Sarwar, M. 2015 b. Cultural Measures as Management Option against Fruit Flies Pest (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Garden or Farm and Territories. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 165-171. [15] Sarwar, M. 2015 c. Mechanical Control Prospectus to Aid in Management of Fruit Flies and Correlated Tephritid (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pests. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 190-195. [16] Sarwar, M. 2015 d. How to Manage Fruit Fly (Family Tephritidae) Pests Damage on Different Plant Host Species by take up of Physical Control Measures. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (4): 124-129. [17] Sarwar, M. 2015 e. Biological Control Program to Manage Fruit Fly Pests and Related Tephritids (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Backyard, Landscape and Garden. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (4): 118-123. [18] Sarwar, M. 2015 f. Birth Control for Insects: The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for Controlling Fruit Fly (Tephritidae: Diptera) by Releasing Sterile Males. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 253-259. [19] Sarwar, M. 2015 g. Field Tests for Exploiting the Behavioral Control Tactics to Pest Tephritid Fruit Flies (Insecta: Diptera). International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 243-248. [20] Sarwar, M. 2015 h. Genetic Control Tactic against Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Insect to Escape Destruction of Perishable Horticulture Crops. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 209-214. [21] Sarwar, M. 2015 i. The Role of Male Annihilation Technique to Get Rid of Notorious Fruit Flies (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Fruit and Vegetable Farms. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 260-265. [22] Sarwar, M. 2015 j. Attraction of Female and Male Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Bait Spray Applications for Reduction of Pest Populations. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1 (5): 225-230. [23] Sarwar, M., Ahmad, N., Rashid, A. and Shah, S. M. M. 2015. Valuation of gamma irradiation for proficient production of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae & Eucoilidae) in the management of the peach fruit-fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). International Journal of Pest Management, 61 (2): 126-134. [24] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Rasool, B., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2013. Host Preference and Performance of Fruit Flies Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) For Various Fruits and Vegetables. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 1 (8): 188-194. [25] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2014 a. Surveillance on Population Dynamics and Fruits Infestation of Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Orchards of Faisalabad, Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2 (4): 113-119. [26] Sarwar, M., Hamed, M., Yousaf, M. and Hussain, M. 2014 b. Monitoring of Population Dynamics and Fruits Infestation of Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Orchard. Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 3 (2): 36-40. [27] Shah, S. M. M., Ahmad, N., Sarwar, M. and Tofique, M. 2014. Rearing of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) for parasitoids production and managing techniques for fruit flies in mango orchards. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 34 (1): 108-113. [28] Todd, E. S., McInnis, D. O., Rodd, C., Edu, J. and Pahio, E. 2007. Sterile Insect Technique and Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Assessing the Utility of Aromatherapy in a Hawaiian Coffee Field. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100 (2): 273-282.