Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
Articles Information
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol.6, No.1, Mar. 2020, Pub. Date: Feb. 20, 2020
A Cross Sectional Study on Hypochondriasis and Health Anxiety Among Medical Students in a Private Medical College in Malaysia
Pages: 15-23 Views: 1363 Downloads: 1003
Authors
[01] Maryam Sofia Ghazali, Faculty of Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal of Higher Education (MAHE), Melaka, Malaysia.
[02] Sonali Jayatilaka, Faculty of Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal of Higher Education (MAHE), Melaka, Malaysia.
[03] Farizal Rizal, Faculty of Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal of Higher Education (MAHE), Melaka, Malaysia.
[04] Liew Shun Feng, Faculty of Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal of Higher Education (MAHE), Melaka, Malaysia.
[05] Binura Liyanage, Faculty of Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal of Higher Education (MAHE), Melaka, Malaysia.
Abstract
Hypochondriasis is a medical condition which disseminates slowly into medical students, manifesting fear and concern of one’s self towards their own bodily health. The objective of this study is to instill awareness onto medical students about hypochondriacal disorder, determine the association between gender, ethnicity, religion, nationality, current posting, addictions and the fear of diseases among medical students of Melaka-Manipal Medical College Muar Campus, Malaysia. This was an analytical cross sectional study. Self-administered questionnaires consisting of Health Anxiety Inventory (Short Week) were distributed to students who were studying in semester 6 and semester 7. 67 participants (37.22%) present with hypochondriasis while 113 participants (62.78%) did not present with hypochondriasis. Smokers being one of the independent variables that showed positive association to the presence of hypochondriasis in medical students. It was found that smokers are 5.459 times more likely to suffer from hypochondriasis. Of medical students in our college a significant proportion suffered from hypochondriasis. Students that divulge themselves as smokers showed significant association to hypochondriasis with higher incidence compared to non-smokers. There is no significant association of hypochondriasis with other risk factors such as gender, ethnicity, religion, nationality, current posting and alcohol consumption.
Keywords
Hypochondriasis, Medical Students, Malaysia
References
[01] Nordqvist, Christian. "Hypochondria: What is illness anxiety disorder?." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 24 Jul. 2017. Web. 19 Jun. 2019. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9983.php
[02] Hunter RCA, Lohrenz JG, Schwartzman AE. Nosophobia and hypochondriasis in medical students. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1964; 139: 147–152.
[03] Barsky, A. J. (1991). The Relationship Between Hypochondriasis and Medical Illness. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151 (1), 84.
[04] Salkovskis, P. M., & Howes, O. D. (1998). Health anxiety in medical students. The Lancet, 351 (9112), 1332.
[05] Magarinos, M., Zafar, U., Nissenson, K., & Blanco, C. (2002). Epidemiology and Treatment of Hypochondriasis. CNS Drugs, 16 (1), 9–22.
[06] Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR and Shanafelt TD. Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among U.S. and Canadian medical students. Acad Med: J Assoc Am Med Coll 2006; 81 (4): 354–373.
[07] Sarikaya O, Civaner M and Kalaca S. The anxieties of medical students related to clinical training. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60 (11): 1414–1418.
[08] Khasar SG, Burkham J, Dina OA, et al. Stress induces a switch of intracellular signaling in sensory neurons in a model of generalized pain. J Neurosci 2008; 28 (22): 5721–5730.
[09] Janssens T, Verleden G, De Peuter S, Van Diest I and Van den Bergh O. Inaccurate perception of asthma symptoms: a cognitive-affective framework and implications for asthma treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 2009; 29 (4): 317–327.
[10] Mechanic D. Social psychologic factors affecting the presentation of bodily complaints. N Engl J Med 1972; 286 (21): 1132–1139.
[11] Woods SM, Natterson J and Silverman J. Medical students’ disease: hypochondriasis in medical education. J Med Educ 1966; 41 (8): 785–790.
[12] Kellner R, Wiggins RG and Pathak D. Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in medical and law students. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43 (5): 487–489.
[13] Howes OD and Salkovskis PM. Health anxiety in medical students. Lancet 1998; 351 (9112): 1332.
[14] Brink TL, Janakes C, Martinez N: Geriatric hypochondriasis: situational factors. J Am Geriatr Soc 1981; 29: 37-39 2.
[15] Busse EW: Hypochondriasis in the elderly: a reaction to social stress. J Am Geriatr Soc 1976; 24: 145-149 3.
[16] Leon GR, Gillum B, Gillum R, et al: Personality stability and change over a 30-year period-middle age to old age. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47: 517-524 4.
[17] Butler RN: The doctor and the aged patient, in The Geriatric Patient. Edited by Reichel W. New York, HP Publishing, 1978 S.
[18] Lawton MP, Wheliham WM, Belsky JK: Personality tests and their uses with older adults, in Handbook of Mental Health and Aging. Edited by Birren J, Sloane RB. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1980.
[19] Costa PT, McCrae RR: Somatic complaints in males as a function of age and neuroticism: a longitudinal analysis. J Behav Med 1980; 3: 245-257 7.
[20] Levkoff SE, Cleary PD, Wetle T: Differences in the appraisal of health between aged and middle-aged adults. J Gerontol 1987; 42: 114-120 8.
[21] Besdine R: The data base of geriatric medicine, in Health and Disease in Old Age. Edited by Rowe JW, Besdine R. Boston, Little, Brown, 1982 9.
[22] Ferraro K: Self ratings of health among the old and the old-old. J Health Soc Behav 1980; 21: 377-383 10.
[23] Folks DG, Ford CV: Psychiatric disorders in geriatric/surgical patients, part I: report of 195 consecutive consultations. South MedJ 1985; 78: 239-241.
[24] Beaber RJ, Rodney WM: Underdiagnosis of hypochondriasis in family practice. Psychosomatics 1984; 25: 39-45 12.
[25] Kellner R: Somatization and Hypochondriasis. New York, Praeger, 1986 13.
[26] Barsky AJ, Wyshak G, Klerman GL: The prevalence of hypochondriasis in medical outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1990; 25: 89-94.
[27] Stenback A, Kumpulainen M, Vauhkenen M-L: Illness and health in septuagenarians. J Gerontol 1978; 33: 57-61 15.
[28] Palmore E (ed): Normal Aging. Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1970.
[29] Mohammad Faizan Zahid, A. H. (2016). Health-Related Anxiety and Hypochondriacal Concerns in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study From Pakistan. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, An International Journal, 3.
[30] The IAPT Data Handbook Guidance on recording and monitoring outcomes to support local evidence based practice. March 2011; Version 2.0. Available at: http://www.iapt.nhs.uk/silo/files/the-iapt-data-hand book.pdf
[31] Azuri J, Ackshota N, Vinker S. Reassuring the medical students’ disease-Health related anxiety among medical students. Medical Teacher 2010; 32: e270–e5.
[32] Bojar S. Psychiatric problems of medical students. Emotional Problems of the Student 1971: 350–63).
[33] Collier R. Imagined illnesses can cause real problems for medical students. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2008; 178: 820.
[34] Waterman LZ, Weinman JA. Medical student syndrome: Fact or fiction? A cross-sectional study. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine OPEN 2014; 5: 1–9.
[35] Moss-Morris R, Petrie KJ. Redefining medical students’ disease to reduce morbidity. Medical Education 2001; 35: 724–8.
[36] Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: A critical review of biological pathways. Brain and Behavior 2013; 3: 302–26.
[37] Khan MS, Mahmood S, Badshah A, Ali SU, Jamal Y. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and their associated factors among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2006; 56: 583–6.
[38] Collins BN, Lepore SJ. Association between anxiety and smoking in a sample of urban black men. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2009; 11: 29–34.
[39] Mykletun A, Overland S, Aarø LE, Liabø H-M, Stewart R. Smoking in relation to anxiety and depression: Evidence from a large population survey: The HUNT study. European Psychaitry 2008; 23: 77–84.
[40] Goodwin RD, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Cigarette smoking and panic attacks among young adults in the community: The role of parental smoking and anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 58: 686–93.
[41] Johnson JG, Cohen P, Pine DS, Klein DF, Kasen S, Brook JS. Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 284: 2348–51.
[42] Patton GC, Hibbert M, Rosier MJ, Carlin JB, Caust J, Bowes G. Is smoking associated with depression and anxiety in teenagers? American Journal of Public Health. 1996; 86: 225–30.)
[43] Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HMC, Clark DM. The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine 2002: 843-853.
[44] Hart J, Bjorgvinsson T. Health anxiety and hypochondriasis: Description and treatment issues highlighted through a case illustration. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 2010; 74: 122–40.
[45] Creed, F., & Barsky, A. (2004). A systematic review of the epidemiology of somatisation disorder and hypochondriasis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56 (4), 391–408.
[46] Escobar, J. (1998). DSM-IV Hypochondriasis in Primary Care. General Hospital Psychiatry, 20 (3), 155–159.
600 ATLANTIC AVE, BOSTON,
MA 02210, USA
+001-6179630233
AIS is an academia-oriented and non-commercial institute aiming at providing users with a way to quickly and easily get the academic and scientific information.
Copyright © 2014 - American Institute of Science except certain content provided by third parties.